Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 1

SUBJECT: ICT

CLASS:� JSS 1

DATE:

TERM: 1st TERM

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WEEK 11

TOPIC: REVISION AND EXAMINATION

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END OF THE 1ST TERM�

WEEK 3

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.

First-generation:�

The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.

First generation of computers started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations.

In this generation, mainly batch processing operating systems were used. In this generation, Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.�

There were machine codes and electric wired board languages used.

The main features of First Generation are:

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• Vacuum tube technology

• Unreliable

• Supported Machine language only

• Very costly

• Generate lot of heat

• Slow Input/output device

• Huge size

• Need of A.C.

• Non-portable

• Consumed lot of electricity

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Some computers of this generation were:

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• ENIAC

• EDVAC

• UNIVAC

• IBM-701

• IBM-650

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Second-generation:�

The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based

This generation using the transistor was cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL were used.

There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.

The main features of Second Generation are:

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• Use of transistors

• Reliable as compared to First generation computers

• Smaller size as compared to First generation computers

• Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers

• Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers

• Faster than first generation computers

• Still very costly

• A.C. needed

• Support machine and assembly languages

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Some computers of this generation were:

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• IBM 1620

• IBM 7094

• CDC 1604

• CDC 3600

• UNIVAC 1108

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Third-generation:�

The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.

The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient.

In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were used.

High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.) were used during this generation.

The main features of Third Generation are:

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• IC used

• More reliable

• Smaller size

• Generate less heat

• Faster

• Lesser maintenance

• Still costly

• A.C. needed

• Consumed lesser electricity

• Support high-level language

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Some computers of this generation were:

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• IBM-360 series

• Honeywell-6000 series

• PDP(Personal Data Processor)

• IBM-370/168

• TDC-316

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Fourth-generation:�

The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based

The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used. All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were used in this generation

The main features of Fourth Generation are:

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• VLSI technology used

• Very cheap

• Portable and reliable

• Use of PC's

• Very small size

• Pipeline processing

• No A.C. needed

• Concept of internet was introduced

• Great developments in the fields of networks

• Computers became easily available

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Some computers of this generation were:

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• DEC 10

• STAR 1000

• PDP 11

• CRAY-1 (Super Computer)

• CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

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Fifth-Generation: The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based

In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.� This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.� AI is an emerging branch in computer science which interprets means and methods of making computers think like human beings.

The main features of Fifth Generation are:

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• ULSI technology

• Development of true artificial intelligence

• Development of Natural language processing

• Advancement in Parallel Processing

• Advancement in Superconductor technology

• More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features

• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates

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Some computers types of this generation are:

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• Desktop

• Laptop

• NoteBook

• Ultra Book

• Chrome Book

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The beginning of commercial computer age is from UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). It was developed by two scientists Mauchly and Echert at the Census Department of United States in 1947. The first generation computers were used during 1942-1955. They were based on vacuum tubes. Examples of first generation computers are ENIVAC and UNIVAC-1.

Advantages

• Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days.�
• Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.�
• These computers could calculate data in millisecond

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��� Disadvantages

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• The computers were very large in size.�

• They consumed a large amount of energy.�

• They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.�

• They were not very reliable.�

• Air conditioning was required.�

• Constant maintenance was required.�

• Non-portable.�

• Costly commercial production.�

• Limited commercial use.�

• Very slow speed.�

• Limited programming capabilities.�

• Used machine language only.�

• Used magnetic drums which provide very less data storage.�

• Used punch cards for input.�

• Not versatile and very faulty.

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